What could a cosmetics company, an insurance firm, and a bank possibly have in common? The answer lies within the walls of the Overton Hygienic Building. This building stands as a testament to the vision of Anthony Overton. He was a pioneering African-American entrepreneur.
The Overton Hygienic Building was more than just a structure. It was a symbol of Black economic empowerment in the early 20th century. Overton commissioned this building in 1922. He wanted to consolidate his growing business empire. The location is 3619-3627 South State Street.
Overton’s Hygienic Manufacturing Company became one of the largest producers of African-American cosmetics in the nation. Imagine shelves lined with creams, powders, and perfumes. These products were specifically designed to cater to the needs and desires of Black consumers.
But Overton’s ambitions didn’t stop there. He also established the Victory Life Insurance Company and the Douglass National Bank within this very building. This was the first nationally chartered, African-American-owned bank. The Overton Hygienic Building became a hub of economic activity. It provided crucial financial services to the Black community.
Z. Erol Smith designed this four-story structure. It features a yellow-brown wire-cut brick facade and glazed white terra cotta trim. The Overton Hygienic Building reflects a blend of architectural styles. The building also housed rental offices for other Black professionals. Lawyers, doctors, and architects all conducted business here. Walter T. Bailey had his first Chicago office here. He was the first licensed African-American architect in Illinois.
The Overton Hygienic Building later became the Palace Hotel. It served as a flophouse for some time. Residents were crowded into small stalls. The building had dormitory-style bathrooms.
Today, the Mid-South Planning and Development Commission owns the building. They are redeveloping it as an incubator for small businesses and startups. The goal is to revitalize the Black Metropolis neighborhood.
The Overton Hygienic Building stands as a reminder of Chicago’s rich cultural heritage. It is a testament to the entrepreneurial spirit of Anthony Overton and the resilience of the Black community. This building is a designated Chicago Landmark. It is a part of the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District. Its legacy continues to inspire future generations.